Which States Ratified the ERA and When Did They Ratify

After years of attempts to get it passed, on March 22, 1972, the Senate voted by  84 to eight to send the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the states for  ratification.  When the Senate vote took place in the mid-to-late afternoon in Washington D.C., it was still midday in Hawaii.  The Hawaii state Senate and House of Representatives voted their approval shortly after noon Hawaii Standard Time—making Hawaii the first state to ratify the ERA. Hawaii also approved an Equal Rights Amendment to its state constitution that same year. The Equality of Rights Amendment has similar wording to the proposed federal ERA of the 1970s. â€Å"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.† Momentum On that first day of ERA ratification in March 1972, many senators, journalists, activists, and other public figures predicted that the amendment would soon be ratified by the necessary three-quarters of the states—38 out of 50.   New Hampshire and Delaware ratified the ERA on March 23.  Iowa and Idaho ratified on March 24. Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas ratified by the end of March. Seven more states ratified in April. Three ratified in May, and two in June.  Then one in September, one in November, one in January, followed by four in February, and two more prior to the anniversary. One year later, 30 states had ratified the ERA, including Washington, which ratified the amendment on March 22, 1973, becoming the 30th Yes on ERA state exactly one year later.  Feminists  were optimistic because the majority of people supported equality and 30 states ratified the ERA in the first year of the  new ERA  ratification struggle. However, the pace slowed. Only five more states ratified between 1973 and the final deadline  in 1982. Falling Short and a Deadline Extension Indianas ERA approval came five years after the proposed amendment was sent to the states for  ratification  in 1972. Indiana became the 35th  state to ratify the amendment on January 18, 1977. Unfortunately, the ERA fell three states short of the necessary 38 states to become adopted as part of the  Constitution. Anti-feminist forces  spread resistance to a Constitutional guarantee of equal rights.  Feminist activists  renewed their efforts and managed to achieve a deadline extension, beyond the initial seven years. In 1978, Congress extended the deadline for ratification from 1979 to 1982. But by that time,  anti-feminist backlash  had begun to take its toll. Some legislators switched from their promised â€Å"yes† votes to voting against ERA. Despite the fervent efforts of equality activists, and even a boycott of unratified states by major U.S. organizations and conventions, no states ratified the ERA during the deadline extension. However, the battle wasnt over yet... Ratification Via Article V vs. Three-State Strategy While ratification of an amendment via Article V is standard, a coalition of strategists and supporters have been working to ratify the ERA using something called a three-state strategy, which would allow the legislation to go the states without the constraints of a time limit—in the tradition of the 19th  Amendment. Proponents argue that if the time limit was in the text of the amendment itself, that restriction would not be subject to alteration by Congress after any state legislature had ratified it. The ERA language ratified by 35 states between 1972 and 1982 did not contain such a time limit, so the ratifications stand. As explained by the ERA website: By transferring time limits from the text of an amendment to the proposing clause, Congress retained for itself the authority to review the time limit and to amend its own previous legislative action regarding it. In 1978, Congress clearly demonstrated its belief that it may alter a time limit in the proposing clause when it passed a bill moving the deadline from March 22, 1979, to June 30, 1982. A challenge to the constitutionality of the extension was dismissed by the Supreme Court as moot after the deadline expired, and no lower-court precedent stands regarding that point. Under the aegis of the three-state strategy, two more states were able to ratify the ERA—Nevada in 2017 and Illinois in 2018—leaving the ERA just one ratification shy of being adopted as part of the Constitution of the United States. Timeline: When States Ratified the ERA 1972: In the first year, 22 states ratified the ERA. (Stares are listed alphabetically, not in sequence of ratification within the year.) AlaskaCaliforniaColoradoDelawareHawaiiIdahoIowaKansasKentuckyMarylandMassachusettsMichiganNebraskaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew YorkPennsylvaniaRhode IslandTennesseeTexasWest VirginiaWisconsin 1973—Eight states, running total: 30 ConnecticutMinnesotaNew MexicoOregonSouth DakotaVermontWashingtonWyoming 1974—Three states, running total: 33 MaineMontanaOhio 1975—North Dakota becomes the 34th state to ratify the ERA. 1976:  No states ratified. 1977:  Indiana becomes the 35th and final state to ratify the ERA prior to the initial deadline. 2017: Nevada becomes the first state to ratify the ERA using the three-state model. 2018: Illinois becomes the 37th state to ratify the ERA. States That Have Not Ratified the ERA AlabamaArizonaArkansasFloridaGeorgiaLouisianaMississippiMissouriNorth CarolinaOklahomaSouth CarolinaUtahVirginia States That Rescinded ERA Ratification Thirty-five states ratified the proposed  Equal Rights Amendment  to the  U.S. Constitution. Five of those states later rescinded their ERA  ratifications  for various reasons, however, at present, the prior ratifications are still being counted in the final total. The five states that rescinded their ERA ratifications were: IdahoKentuckyNebraskaSouth DakotaTennessee There is some question regarding the legitimacy of the five rescissions, for several reasons. Among the legal questions: Were the states legally rescinding only incorrectly worded procedural resolutions but still leaving the amendment ratification intact?Are all ERA questions moot because the deadline has passed?Do states have the power to rescind amendment ratifications?  Article V of the Constitution  deals with the process of amending the Constitution, but it deals only with ratification and does not empower states to rescind ratifications. There is legal precedent invalidating the rescission of other amendment ratifications. Written by Contributing Writer Linda Napikoski, edited by Jone Johnson Lewis

Gerontology Aging And Old Age - 2049 Words

The study of aging and old age is referred to as Gerontology (Stuart- Hamilton, 2011, p. 1). The study of Gerontology is concerned with the changes, which affect older adults (Stuart- Hamilton, 2011, p. 1). The main role of Gerontology is to not only explain the aging process, but to also improve older adults lives and experiences (Stuart- Hamilton, 2011, p. 18). Gerontology is interdisciplinary and there are three main disciplines, which are considered to be the essential foundations of the study (Alkema Alley, 2006, p. 578). The disciplines include biology, sociology and psychology (Alkema Alley, 2006, p. 578). The three disciplines allow aging to be considered from their own specific perspectives (Alkema Alley, 2006, p. 578). The†¦show more content†¦In particular, exploring social barriers older adults face in regards to leisure participation and the psychological benefits they experience, if they can overcome these social barriers. Traditionally the aging process was considered as undesirable where individuals experienced decline physically, socially, emotionally and cognitively (McGuire, Boyd Tedrick, 1996, p. 1). As a result of Gerontology, older age is now considered as a time of happiness, opportunity and growth (McGuire et al., 1996, p. 2). While leisure has many meanings, it can be described as something which can be done in an individuals spare time, is autonomous, unpaid, enjoyable, a form of play and allows for personal growth (Argyle Lu, 1992, p. 5). During old age, leisure plays a vital role in an individual’s life (Veal, Darcy Lynch, 2013, p. 476). Individuals no longer have the pressure of work, or the responsibility of children (Veal, Darcy Lynch, 2013, p. 476). As a result they are able to partake in engaging and stimulating activities, which maintains their quality of life (Veal et al., 2013, p. 476). Although older adults may have more free time, when compared to younger adults it do es not always result in leisure participation. There are many social barriers, which may prevent older adults from partaking in leisure, for the purpose of this essay, ageism, gender and class will be discussed. Sociology is the study of society (Holmes, Hughes Julian, 2012, p.

Carrier Corporation free essay sample

Air-conditioner was invented based on invention of refrigerator. The history was told that the Chinese were the first to store natural ice and snow to cool wine and other delicacies. Evidence has been found that ice cellars were used as early as 1000 B. C. in China. Early Greeks and Romans also used underground pits to store ice. Ancient people of Egypt and India cooled liquids in porous earthen jars. Ice was produced due to vaporization of water through the wall of these jars, radiating heat into the night air. In 18th and 19th centuries, natural ice was cut from lakes and ponds in the winter in northern climates and stored underground for use in warmer months. In early 20th century the same method was used but stored in open ice houses for businesses and to delivered homes to homes. At first, in 1823, Michael Faraday discovered that certain gasses under constant pressure will condense when they cool. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrier Corporation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly, in 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used dripping ammonia to produce cooling. Thirdly, in 1856, Australian inventor James Harrison, used ammonia on experimental basis but used ether in the equipment that was previously constructed. Then, in 1902, Willis Carrier, the â€Å"Father of Air-Conditioner† designed humidity control for a new air-cooling system and pioneered modern air conditioning. Willis Carrier also originated the carrier equation upon which the psychometric chart and all air conditioning is based. Later, in 1906, Stuart Cramer, engineer in North Carolina, invented a ventilating machine that add water vapor to the air of textile plants. The wetness makes the fiber easily spin and hardly to break. He’s the first to call this process â€Å"air conditioning†. During 1914, air-conditioner was officially used at home for the first time. Next in 1931, individual room air conditioning that sits on a window ledge was invented by J. Q. Sherman and H. H. Schultz The air conditioner was available to purchase in 1932. Packard invented the first ever air-conditioned car in 1939. The air conditioner controller on the dashboard was invented later. After that, the United States built first power plant to handle development electrical load of air conditioner in 1942.

Optimism in the Enlightenment free essay sample

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in 18th century Europe. The Enlightenment helped with both capitalism and the birth if socialism, as well as providing the framework for the French and American revolutions. Several brilliant thinkers contributed to the philosophical movement of this time. Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau were the most optimistic thinkers in the Enlightenment. Francois-Marie Arouet, commonly known as Voltaire, was the greatest figure of the Enlightenment. Voltaire wrote, †Philosophic Letters in the English† which displayed his admiration of England’s freedom and especially their religious tolerance. In his works he expressed an optimistic view of freedom. Although Voltaire was the most well known optimist of the Enlightenment, Diderot contributed a crucial factor to the era. Denis Diderot was the son of a craftsman from eastern France. Diderot was an atheist who developed the first encyclopedia. His idea for an all knowledge volume of books proved that he was an important optimist of his time. We will write a custom essay sample on Optimism in the Enlightenment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As soon as the encyclopedia’s price dropped, it was available to everyone, spreading the thoughts of optimism and the Enlightenment further. Diderot was important, but so was Rousseau. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in a government with little or no laws. He thought that when people had no laws that they knew right from wrong and were happier that way. Rousseau said this in his book, â€Å"Discourse on the origins of the Inequality of Mankind†. His want for everyone to be happy was a sign of his optimism. Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau brought a multitude of optimistic ideas to the Enlightenment. The ideas of these three intelligent men shared a common goal. Voltaire wanted freedom for everyone, Diderot wrote an encyclopedia for the good of people, and Rousseau strove for a new kind of government to make the people happy.

Seduce, Seduction and Seductive

Seduce, Seduction and Seductive Seduce, Seduction and Seductive Seduce, Seduction and Seductive By Maeve Maddox Wording in an astrological meme I saw on Facebook prompted this post: People born under the sign of Cancer are very observing. They are very seducing and captivating. I thought it odd to use seducing and not seductive in this context. (I was also bothered by the use of observing instead of observant, but that’s another post.) Seduce The most common meaning of seduce in modern usage is probably this one: seduce: To induce a woman to surrender her chastity. In the 16th century, the meaning of seduce was â€Å"to persuade a vassal or soldier or other sworn follower to desert his allegiance or service.† The sexual meaning came along in the 18th century. Seduce is used in a non-sexual sense to mean â€Å"to tempt† or â€Å"to lead astray†: Those brightly coloured palettes  of lipsticks are put at the front of  displays to seduce you into  buying  more.   People are seduced into evil by dehumanizing and labeling others. The principal parts of the verb are seduce, seduced, (have) seduced. The present participle form seducing is used as a verb or a gerund: The earl’s footman was seducing the kitchen maid. (verb used to form the past continuous tense) Don Juan had a reputation for seducing women. (gerund, object of a preposition) Seductive Although seducing was occasionally used as if it were cognate with French seduisant (â€Å"alluring, very attractive†), that meaning in English is conveyed by the adjective seductive. For example, â€Å"Sophia Loren is one of the most beautiful and seductive women in the world.† Like the verb seduce, the adjective seductive is not limited to a sexual connotation. Anything that evokes a strong emotional attraction can be said to be seductive: Tips for Creating a  Seductive  Email  Campaign Cameron’s ‘them and us’ message is a seductive one The seductive appeal of cultural stereotypes The disenfranchised  elements of society are highly vulnerable to the  seductive appeal  of intolerant belief systems. Seducing Used as a qualifier, the participle seducing means, â€Å"tempting to evil† or â€Å"corrupting†: Now the Spirit speaks expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils.- 1 Timothy 4:1. Freud notes that the abrogation by nations of their moral ties has a seducing influence on the morality of individuals. When I did a web search for the phrase â€Å"very seducing,† I found it predominantly in descriptions of sexually explicit videos. I suppose the purveyors of prurient videos think â€Å"seducing† means sexy, unaware that they’ve stumbled upon a more apt description of their wares. Bottom line: seductive (adjective): sexy, tempting. seducing (adjective): tempting to evil, corrupting. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesPeace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindWhat is an Anagram?

Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information - Essay Example Another aspect of the black female writers’ problem is gender. As reiterated in yellow wallpaper, The American society in the context of the black community placed much pressure on women due to their gender and this considerably resulted to people overlooking their potential and even seriousness in their works as explained by the black literary scholars. The finally part of their hurdle is the idea of color. It is evident that most of the black-American female writers’ works was not particularly representative of the blacks. They were considered mere fiction without real life connection as they seemed to focus on the middle class and elite readers. The central theme of women oppression comes out in the yellow wallpaper as John seems to define everything that the narrator must do. Even when the narrator is sick, John is portrayed as a patriarch who is self-centered and takes little consideration of the narrator’s feeling due to her gender. The literary work on the yellow wallpaper is a reflection of the gender-based discrimination that women suffer every day in their efforts to disobey odds and express their ideas. Chapter five is a confirmatory test of the continued socio-economic challenges female artists, poets and novelists have to overcome. This can be supported by Alice Walker and Maya Angelou’s experiences with fictional writing in the female fraternity. Their assertions on the obstacles that continue to haunt women is clearly resonated by the narrator in the yellow

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Management - Essay Example The company is deemed to be the third largest retailer with respect to the amount of revenue that it produces (Potter, 2011; Deloitte, 2010). To examine and analyze the financial performance of the company, the ratio analysis technique needs to be used. Ratio analysis is a technique which uses a set of different financial measures known as financial ratios, in order to analyze the financial performance of a company. These financial ratios of the company would be compared with its prior year ratios to understand whether there is any improvement in the performance of the company (Shim et al, 2000). The financial ratios for Tesco plc are as follows: Ratios 2010 2009 Liquidity Ratios Current ratio 0.73 : 1 0.75 : 1 Quick ratio 0.44 : 1 0.61 : 1 Gearing Ratios Gross debt-equity ratio 74.9% 109.6% Net interest cover 3.1 times 7 times Profitability Ratios Gross Profit Margin 8.22% 7.76% Net Profit Margin 4.1% 3.99% Investment ratios Earnings per share 29.33 cents 27.50 cents (Annual Report, Tesco plc, 2011) . Liquidity Ratios evaluate a company’s ability to pay off their debts when they fall due. Basically it gives a basic picture of a running position of a company. Current ratio illustrates a company’s ability to pay off its short term obligation/ current liabilities (amount due within 12 months time) with the current assets that it holds whilst the quick and the cash ratio illustrates a company’s ability to pay off their debts with the most liquid assets and cash respectively. Current ratios on the other hand analyze a company’s ability to pay off their respective debts/liabilities through their most liquid (easily converted to cash) assets. The ratios in the above table indicate that the liquidity position of the company has worsened in 2010 as compared to 2009; both the current and the quick ratios have deteriorated over the year. The current ratio has fallen from being 0.75:1 in 2010 to 0.73:1 in 2009. The quick ratio has also fallen f rom being 0.61:1 in 2010 to 0.44:1 in 2009. This should be a concern for the company as the liquidity ratios are a measure of company’s subtleness and long term sustainability. With the help of the profitability ratio, a company can ascertain the increase/decrease in the level of costs, revenues and profits over any given period of time. These ratios help in ascertaining the company’s performance with respect to the profits that the company/organization has generated. Gross Profit Margin/Net Profit Margin ratios help in ascertaining a company’s gross profit/net profit with respect to the revenue that the company has generated; this ratio helps in understanding the changing trends of the operational costs within any particular period of time. Both the Gross Profit and the Net Profit margin ratios have improved for the company over the one year concerned. This is a good sign for the company with respect to its growth, the company’s gross profit margin has i mproved from being 7.76% in 2009 to 8.22% in 2010, this is both because of the fact the company has increased its sales revenue and it has controlled its cost as well. The net profit margin has also increased from being 3.99% in 2009 to 4.1% in 2010, although the change is not a huge one but still for a large company like Tesco plc, this change is worth noting as it has increased the company’